An econometric study of the number of undernourished people in Colombia from 2000 to 2021

The importance of food (in)security has been one of the United Nations Sustainable Development's main goals. Over 828 million people worldwide cannot acquire enough food to meet the minimum daily dietary energy requirements (undernourished). Therefore, the present study examines the factors that affect the number of undernourished people in Colombia by assessing macroeconomic data for the period 2000-2021 including gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, unemployment, and inflation rates. A quantitative, empirical, correlation design was used to examine and describe the relationship among the variables. The findings showed that the proposed variables presented the correct signs, were statistically significant, and were in line with the economic theory Thus, the study concluded that although income shocks brought on by inflation and unemployment undoubtedly impact household food (in)security, other factors must also be considered for policy and practice to effectively reduce food insecurity for households.

La importancia de la (in)seguridad alimentaria ha sido uno de los principales objetivos del Desarrollo Sostenible de las Naciones Unidas y más de 820 millones de personas en el mundo no pueden adquirir suficientes alimentos para satisfacer los requerimientos mínimos diarios de energía dietética (subalimentadas). Por lo tanto, el presente estudio examina los factores que afectan el número de personas subalimentadas en Colombia mediante la evaluación de datos macroeconómicos para el período 2000-2021, incluido el producto interno bruto (PIB) per cápita, el desempleo y las tasas de inflación. Se utilizó un diseño cuantitativo, empírico y correlacional, para examinar y describir la relación entre las variables. Los hallazgos mostraron que las variables propuestas presentaron los signos correctos, fueron estadísticamente significativas y de acuerdo con el propuesto por la teoría económica. Por lo tanto, el estudio concluyó que, si bien los impactos en los ingresos causados por la inflación y el desempleo indudablemente afectan la inseguridad alimentaria de los hogares, también es importante considerar otros factores en los esfuerzos de políticas y prácticas para mitigar la inseguridad alimentaria de los hogares.

A importância da (in)segurança alimentar tem sido um dos principais objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável das Nações Unidas e mais de 820 milhões de pessoas no mundo não podem adquirir alimentos suficientes para atender às necessidades energéticas diárias mínimas (subalimentadas). Por tanto o presente estudo examina os fatores que afetam o número de pessoas subalimentadas na Colômbia, avaliando dados macroeconômicos para o período 2000-2021, incluindo produto interno bruto (PIB) per capita, desemprego e taxas de inflação. Um desenho quantitativo, empírico e de correlação foi usado para examinar e descrever a relação entre as variáveis. Os achados mostraram que as variáveis propostas apresentaram os sinais corretos, foram estatisticamente significativas e em consonância com a teoria econômica. Assim, o estudo concluiu que, embora os choques de renda causados pela inflação e pelo desemprego indubitavelmente afetem a insegurança alimentar das famílias, outros fatores também são importantes a serem considerados nos esforços de políticas e práticas para mitigar a insegurança alimentar das famílias.

Canasta alimentaria normativa: perspectivas actuales e implicaciones para la salud pública en Venezuela / Normative Food Basket current perspectives and implications for public health in Venezuela

La Canasta Alimentaria Normativa (CAN) es un instrumento estratégico de planificación y seguimiento, que impacta el ámbito económico (fijación del salario mínimo SM y del umbral de la pobreza relativa), la seguridad alimentaria y la salud pública. El objetivo fue describir la evolución histórica de la CAN en Venezuela, contrastando su valoración económica respecto al SM durante el período 1990 ­ 2023. Tipo de estudio: Descriptivo. Se empleó la CAN del Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas/Instituto Nacional de Nutrición (INE/INN) y su comparación con la canasta del Centro de Documentación y Análisis Social de la Federación Venezolana de Maestros(CENDAS ­ FVM). Los valores mensuales de la CAN y del SM se recalcularon a dólares USA, de acuerdo a la tasa de cambio oficial. No se incluyó evaluación de la estructura interna, ni sus expresiones en términos de aporte de energía y nutrientes. Resultados: Desde 1990 hasta el año 2015, se requirieron entre1,0 y 1,8 SM y entre 0,6 y 1,7 Ingresos Mínimos Legales (IML)para acceder a la CAN. Para el año 2023 se requirieron hasta 78,3SM y 51,6 IML. El valor promedio de la canasta del CENDAS-FVM fue superior al valor de la CAN INE/INN, en una proporción de 1,7: 1. Conclusiones: la CAN resultó sensible en identificar los cambios y tendencias de su estimación económica, en el ambiente inflacionario venezolano. El uso de sus resultados está sujeta a cierto grado de discrecionalidad política. El costo de la CAN, expresa una contracción del poder de compra de los hogares venezolanos con potenciales impactos sobre la nutrición y la salud física y mental a corto y largo plazo.

The Normative Food Basket (NFB) represents astrategic planning and monitoring instrument, which impactsthe economic sphere (setting of the minimum wage (MW) andthe relative poverty threshold), food security and public health.The objective was to describe the historical evolution of the NFB in Venezuela, contrasting its economic valuation with respect to the MW during the period 1990 ­ 2023. Type of study: Descriptive. The NFB of the National Institute of Statistics/National Institute of Nutrition (NIS/NIN) was used and itscomparison with the basket of the Center for Documentationand Social Analysis of the Venezuelan Federation of Teachers (CENDAS ­ FVM). The monthly values of the NFB and theMW were recalculated into dollars (US$), according to theofficial exchange rate. No evaluation of the internal structurewas included, nor its expressions in terms of energy and nutrientcontribution. Results: From 1990 to 2015, between 1.0 and1.8 MW and between 0.6 and 1.7 Minimum Legal Income(MLI) were required to access the NFB. By 2023, up to 78.3MW and 51.6 MLI were required. The average value of the CENDAS-FVM basket was higher than the value of the NFBNIS/NIN, in a proportion of 1.7: 1. Conclusions: As a statistical operation, the NFB was sensitive in identifying changes andtrends in its estimate economic, in the Venezuelan inflationaryenvironment. The use of its results is subject to a certain degree ofpolitical discretion. The cost of CAN expresses a contraction inthe purchasing power of Venezuelan households with potentialimpacts on nutrition and physical/mental health in the shortand long term.

Racionamiento, inflación e inequidad sanitaria en Venezuela: caso de las enfermedades cardiovasculares / Rationing, inflation and health inequity in Venezuela: case of cardiovascular diseases

los modelos público-sanitarios de caráctermonopólico como el venezolano, suelen asociarse a tendencias al racionamiento de los bienes y servicios que proveen a sus usuarios, así como a la merma de la calidad de estos. Por otro lado, la provisión de dichos bienes y servicios por la vía de mecanismos de mercado, tiene ante sí, el inconveniente que supone el ambiente inflacionario de su economía, cuyo impacto en los precios limita el acceso del paciente a su consumo. El caso de la enfermedad cardiovascular ofrece algunas claves para la comprensión de este fenómeno en el medio venezolano.

Public-health models of a monopolistic nature, suchas the Venezuelan, bring with them trends in the rationing ofthe goods and services they provide to their users, as well as inthe reduction of their quality. On the other hand, the provisionof these goods and services by means of market mechanisms hasbefore it, in our environment, the enormous impediment posedby the inflationary environment of its economy, whose impacton prices limits the patient's access to consumption. The case of cardiovascular disease offers some keys to understanding thisphenomenon in the Venezuelan environment.

Trajectory of the development of caries in the permanent dentition of 12- to 16-year-old students based on a latent class growth model analysis in Liuyang / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@# To explore the trajectory of the development of permanent caries in 12- to 16-year-old students in Liuyang and to provide a reference for the prevention and management of caries.@*Methods@#Primary and secondary school students who were registered within the Liuyang jurisdiction were screened for caries from September to November by the Liuyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention. A total of 7 297 students between the ages of 12 and 16 years with complete permanent dentition caries monitoring records and traceable deciduous dentition caries monitoring records were selected from 2013 to 2019, and a zero-inflated negative binomial-latent class growth model (ZINB-LCGM) was established to describe the trajectory of the development of individual caries using the decayed missing filled teeth (DMFT) indicators. @*Results@# DMFT of 12- to 16-year-old students in Liuyang were mainly decayed teeth (DT), with the majority occurring in the first permanent molar. According to the ZINB-LCGM model, the students were classified into three latent categories, "slow growth pattern" (28.55%), "rapid growth pattern" (6.59%), and "stable pattern" (64.86%), which followed different nonlinear caries growth trajectories. Females with deciduous teeth caries were more likely to have trajectories showing a “rapid growth pattern” and a “slow growth pattern”. There were significant differences in the trajectories between men and women, as well as between those with and without primary dentition caries. @*Conclusion @# The trajectory of the development of caries in 12-16-year-old students shows heterogeneity in terms of different developmental patterns of latent categories, suggesting that females with deciduous dental caries should receive more attention.

Comparison of short-term outcomes between fluorescence method versus modified inflation-deflation method on thoracoscopic anatomical segmentectomy: a study based on propensity score matching / 中华胸心血管外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the application value of fluorescence imaging in single-port thoracoscopic anatomic segmentectomy.Methods:The clinical data of 280 patients (145 patients with fluorescence method and 135 patients with modified inflation-deflation method) who underwent thoracoscopic anatomic segmentectomy were retrospectively studied in the Anhui Chest Hospital from June 2020 to June 2021. There were 113 patients in the simple segmentectomy group and 167 patients in the complex segmentectomy group. The baseline data of the fluorescence method and the modified inflation-deflation method in the complex segmentectomy group were corrected by propensity score matching, and the perioperative results were compared between the groups.Results:There were no significant differences in segmental resection time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative drainage, postoperative pain, postoperative extubation time, length of hospital stay, incidence of complications and cost of hand-holding between the fluorescence method and the modified method of the simple segmentectomy group.In the complex segmentectomy group, the time of segmental resection with the fluorescence method was significantly shorter than that with the modified inflation-deflation method( P<0.05), and other indexes had no significant difference. Conclusion:Fluorescence method single-port thoracoscopic anatomic segmentectomy has the same perioperative safety and short-term efficacy as modified inflation-deflation method, which can significantly shorten the operative time and improve the operative efficiency in complex anatomic segmentectomy.

La Experiencia Fronteriza Modula el Valor Subjetivo de Recompensas Monetarias Demoradas / The Border Experience Modulates the Subjective Value of Delayed Monetary Rewards

Resumen La población en la frontera norte de México experimenta condiciones económicas particulares al interactuar con dos divisas con tasas de inflación diferente por lo que sus patrones de elección intertemporales pueden ser distintos que en población de la misma nacionalidad no expuesta a esta condición. El objetivo es determinar si la experiencia con diferentes tasas de inflación afecta el descuento temporal de recompensas monetarias de dos divisas diferentes a través del contraste entre un grupo de 36 trabajadores de la frontera México-Estados Unidos y 28 trabajadores del centro del País. Cada participante completó dos tareas de descuento temporal, en donde tenían que elegir entre una recompensa pequeña inmediata y otra grande pero demorada. Una tarea involucraba recompensas monetarias en pesos ($8000 para la opción demorada) y la otra en dólares equivalentes de acuerdo a la tasa de cambio. Se encontró que los participantes fronterizos devaluaron más el peso que el dólar en condiciones de demoras grandes y en comparación con su contraparte del interior de la república, quienes descontaron de la misma manera el peso y el dólar. Los resultados son coherentes con la hipótesis del efecto de la inflación sobre la toma de decisiones intertemporales que involucran recompensas monetarias.

Abstract The population on the northern border of Mexico experiences particular economic conditions when interacting with two currencies with different inflation rates, so their intertemporal choice patterns may be different than in the population of the same nationality not exposed to this condition. The objective is to determine if the experience with different inflation rates affects the temporary discount of monetary rewards of two different currencies through the contrast between a group of 36 workers from the Mexico-United States border and 28 workers from the center of the country. Each participant completed two temporary discount tasks, where they had to choose between a small immediate reward and a large but delayed one. One task involved monetary rewards in pesos ($8,000 for the delayed option) and the other in equivalent dollars according to the exchange rate. It was found that border participants devalued the peso more than the dollar in conditions of long delays and compared to their counterparts in the interior of the republic, who discounted the peso and the dollar in the same way. The results are consistent with the hypothesis of the effect of inflation on intertemporal decision making involving monetary rewards.

Vaginal distention rodent model for fecal incontinence: a pilot study on the effect on defecation behavior

Objectives: Vaginal balloon inflation simulates the compressive forces on the pelvic floor during the second phase of natural delivery. The foremost use of this animal model of vaginal distention (VD) is to study the mechanisms underlying urinary incontinence. As damage to the pelvic floor during natural birth is a common cause of fecal incontinence, the present paper aimed to investigate the effect of VD on defecation behavior in adult rats. Methods: Vaginal distention was performed in 8 rats for 2 hours, and in 3 rats for 4 hours, and sham inflation was performed in 4 rats. With the use of a latrine box in the rat home-cage and 24/7 video tracking, the defecation behavior was examined. The time spent in and outside the latrine was monitored for two weeks preoperatively and three weeks postoperatively, and a defecation behavior index (DBI; range: 0 [continent] to 1 [incontinent]) was defined. Pelvic floor tissue was collected postmortem and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Results: Vaginal balloon inflation for 2 hours resulted in fecal incontinence in 29% of the animals (responders) whereas the DBI scores of non-responders (71%) and control animals did not change in the postoperative phase compared with the baseline score. A 4-hour balloon inflation resulted in fecal incontinence in 1 animal and caused a humane endpoint in 2 animals with markedly more tissue damage in the 4-hour responder compared with the 2-hour responders. Conclusions: Vaginal balloon inflation, with an optimum duration between 2 and 4 hours, can be used as a model to study changes in defecation behavior in rats induced by pelvic floor damage. (AU)

Feasibility Investigation of Fluorescence Method in Uniport Thoracoscopic Anatomical Segmentectomy for Identifying the Intersegmental Boundary Line / 中国肺癌杂志

BACKGROUND@#Segmentectomy has gradually become one of the standard surgical methods for small pulmonary nodules with early lung cancer on imaging. This study aimed to investigate the perioperative outcomes of patients who underwent uniport video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) segmentectomy for identifying the intersegmental boundary line (IBL) by the near-infrared fluorescence imaging with intravenous indocyanine green (ICG) method or the modified inflation-deflation (MID) method and assess the feasibility and effectiveness of the ICG fluorescence (ICGF)-based method.@*METHODS@#We retrospectively analyzed the perioperative data in total 198 consecutive patients who underwent uniport VATS segmentectomy between February 2018 and August 2020. With the guidance of preoperative intelligent/interactive qualitative and quantitative analysis-three dimensional (IQQA-3D), the targeted segment structures could be precisely identified and dissected, and then the IBL was confirmed by ICGF-based method or MID method. Clinical effectiveness and postoperative complications of the two methods were evaluated.@*RESULTS@#An IBL was visible in 98% of patients by the ICGF-based group, even with the low-doses of ICG. The ICGF-based group was significantly associated with the shorter IBL clear presentation time [(23.59±4.47) s vs (1,026.80±318.34) s] (P0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The ICGF-based method could highly accurately identify the IBL and make anatomical segmentectomy easier and faster, and therefore has the potential to be a feasible and effective technique to facilitate the quality of uniport VATS segmentectomy.

The Impact of Inflation on the Medical and Hospital Money Transfers of the Neurosurgical Procedures of the Brazilian Unified Healthcare System from 2008 to 2017

Introduction There are more than 1,500 hospital procedures included in the Brazilian Unified Healthcare System's (SUS, in the Portuguese acronym) table, which is the reference for service payment provided by establishments serving the public health network, and they are stagnant. The underfinancing of procedures is so dramatic that in some cases the amounts paid by the SUS are even lower than the taxes generated by the costs of the same procedures in Brazilian private hospitals. This article aims to compare the evolution of the compensation of neurosurgical procedures by calculating the percentile of the lag in the values transferred to both neurosurgeons and hospitals, according to the SUS table, establishing the ideal and real values according to the current inflation, in a retrospective 9-year comparison. Methodology This is an observational, comparative, retrospective study, based on the values of medical and hospital money transfers of 25 neurosurgical procedures in 2008, which were corrected according to the 2017 National Consumer Price Index (IPCA, in the Portuguese acronym). Results Through this study, from 2008 to 2017, the transfers of medical fees regarding neurosurgical techniques are almost completely outdated. As examples, we can mention: the external/subgaleal ventricular shunt, with a deficit of 43.6%; the electrode implant for brain stimulation, with - 41.67%; and decompressive craniotomy, with - 32.21% in relation to the corrected value. Only 4 of the 25 neurosurgeries present a value above that predicted by the IPCA, one of them being cerebral aneurysm embolization larger than 1.5 cm with a narrow neck (þ 8.0%). Regarding the money transfers to hospitals, all procedures are 43.6% lower than expected, since there was no readjustment in the amounts paid to the institutions in the analyzed period. For example, in 2008, for the transposition of the cubital nerve, R$ 267.30 were transferred, and the same amount was maintained in 2017; and, for the surgical treatment of compressive syndrome in osteofibrous tunnel at carpal level (R$ 145.18), the amount also remained fixed throughout these 9 years. Conclusion Because they did not follow the evolution of the economy, in 80% of the surgeries, the neurosurgeons did not have their economic demands met regarding the procedures performed through SUS. And the data became even more alarming when the money transfers to hospitals were evaluated, since there was no evolution in the money transfers for any of the neurosurgeries evaluated.

La tasa natural de desempleo en Colombia 2001-2018: evolución y estimaciones / The natural rate of unemployment in Colombia 2001-2018: evolution and estimates / A taxa natural de desemprego na Colômbia 2001-2018: evolução e estimativas

RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar la estimación de la tasa natural de desempleo para Colombia y contrastar los resultados con las estimaciones que se han realizado previamente. Para lograr este propósito se estima la curva de Phillips ampliada por expectativas, con datos trimestrales para el período 200I-20I8, utilizando el método de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios y el método generalizado de los momentos. Los resultados evidencian la no existencia de una curva de Philips en Colombia para el período de estudio y permiten calcular una tasa natural de desempleo del 6,23%. CLASIFICACIÓN JEL J21, J64, E24

ABSTRACT The purpose of this work is to estimate the natural rate of unemployment for Colombia and compare the results with the estimates that have been previously made. An Expectations-Augmented Phillips Curve is estimated, with quarterly data for the period 200I-20I8, using the method of Ordinary Least Squares and the Generalized Method of Moments. The results show that there is no Philips curve in Colombia for the period analyzed, and a natural rate of unemployment of 6.23%. JEL CLASSIFICATION J21, J64, E24

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho é estimar a taxa natural de desemprego para a Colômbia e comparar os resultados com as estimativas que foram feitas anteriormente. Para alcançar este propósito, a curva de Phillips é estimada por expectativa, com dados trimestrais para o período 200I-20I8, usando o método dos mínimos quadrados ordinários e o método generalizado dos momentos. Os resultados mostram que não há curva de Phillips na Colômbia para o período em estudo e permitem o cálculo de uma taxa natural de desemprego de 6,23%. CLASSIFICAÇÃO JEL J21, J64, E24

Design of Treatment System for Poor Peripheral Circulation Using Air Wave Pressure Based on STM32 Microprocessor / 中国医疗器械杂志

This study designs an intermittent pneumatic pressurization device with STM32 series single chip as the core. The working state of the air pump and the plurality of air chambers is controlled by the IO port of the single chip microcomputer, and the circulating inflation of the plurality of air bags is realized. The pressure monitoring system consists of a silicon piezoresistive pressure sensor, a high-precision operational amplifier and a 12-bit AD converter which monitors the gas pressure of each gas path in real time to ensure the safety of the equipment. The system is easy to operate, simple in function, and has strong practicability.

Assessment of the Accuracy of Modified Inflation-deflation Methods for Distinguishing the Intersegmental Border / 中国肺癌杂志

BACKGROUND@#For early-stage lung cancer, segmentectomy can get the same oncological benefits as lobectomy. Accurate identification of the intersegmental border is the key to segmentectomy. This study used extended segmentectomy and extended subsegmentectomy to treat lung intersegmental and intersubsegmental ground-glass nodules (GGN) by utilizing modified inflation-deflation methods to distinguish the intersegmental and intersubsegmental borders. The accuracy of modified inflation-deflation methods and the effectiveness of extended resection to guarantee a safe surgical margin were evaluated.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis of 83 cases of extended segmentectomy and extended subsegmentectomy was conducted. Preoperative three-dimensional computed tomography bronchography and angiography (3D-CTBA) revealed that nodules were involved in intersegmental or intersubsegmental veins. Based on preoperative three-dimensional reconstruction, the surgery was designed to extendedly remove the dominant lung segment or subsegment with nodules involved. When the dominant lung segment or subsegment could not be identified, the simpler lung segment or subsegment was selected for the resection. After the target vessel and bronchus were cut off during the operation, modified inflation-deflation method was used to determine the border, and a stapler was used to resect the adjacent lung segment or subsegment tissue by 2 cm-3 cm around the inflation-deflation boundary line. Then, the relationship between the inflation-deflation boundary line and the nodule and the width of the surgical margin were measured. Clinical data were collected during the perioperative period.@*RESULTS@#56 extended segmentectomies and 27 extended subsegmentectomies were performed. The average diameter of pulmonary nodules was (0.9±0.3) cm. There were 79 cases with clearly inflation-deflation boundary lines. The average time needed for the appearance of the lines was (13.6±6.5) min. In 55 cases, the nodules were involved with the inflation-deflation boundary lines. Meanwhile, the remaining 24 cases revealed an average minimum distance of (0.6±0.3) cm between nodules and the boundary lines. The average width of surgical margin was (2.1±0.3) cm in these 79 cases. No deaths or major complications appeared during 30 d after operation.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The modified inflation-deflation method can effectively define the intersegmental and intersubsegmental borders, and guarantee the safe surgical margins of extended segmentectomy and extended subsegmentectomy to treat intersegmental and intersubsegmental small lung tumors.

Crises econômicas, mortalidade de crianças e o papel protetor do gasto público em saúde / Economic crises, child mortality and the protective role of public health expenditure

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi analisar como as crises econômicas afetam a saúde infantil a nível global e entre subgrupos de países com diferentes níveis de renda. Foram utilizados dados do Banco Mundial e da OMS para 127 países entre os anos de 1995 e 2014. Foi utilizado um modelo de efeitos fixos, avaliando o efeito da mudança em indicadores macroeconômicos (PIB per capita, taxa de desemprego e de inflação, e taxa de desconforto) na taxa de mortalidade neonatal, infantil, e de menores de cinco anos. Adicionalmente, avaliou-se a modificação do efeito da associação de acordo com a renda dos países e também a influência do gasto público em saúde nessa relação. As evidências mostraram que piores indicadores econômicos (menor PIB per capita e maiores inflação, taxa de desemprego e taxa de desconforto) estão associados com maiores taxas de mortalidade infantil. Nas subamostras por estrato de renda, observa-se a mesma relação, porém com efeitos de maior magnitude entre os países de renda baixa e média. Verificou-se ainda que um maior percentual nos gastos públicos em saúde ameniza os efeitos dos indicadores econômicos nas taxas de mortalidade infantil. Desta forma, é necessário aumentar a atenção aos efeitos nocivos das crises macroeconômicas para garantir melhorias na saúde infantil.

Abstract The aim of the study was to analyze how economic crises affect child health globally and between subgroups of countries with different levels of income. Data from the World Bank and the World Health Organization were used for 127 countries between 1995 and 2014. A fixed effects model was used, evaluating the effect of the change on macroeconomic indicators (GDP per capita, unemployment and inflation rates and misery index) in neonatal, infant and under-five mortality rates. Moreover, we evaluated whether there was a change in the association effect according to the income of the countries and also analyzed the role of public health expenditure in this association. Evidence has shown that worse economic indicators (lower GDP per capita, higher inflation, unemployment rates and misery index) are associated with higher child mortality rates. In the subsamples by income strata, the same association is observed, but with effects of greater magnitude for low- and middle-income countries. We also verified that a higher percentage in public health expenditures alleviates the effects of economic indicators on child mortality rates. Thus, more attention needs to be paid to the harmful effects of the macroeconomic crises to ensure improvements in child health.

Perfil de consumo y costo de bebidas habituales y recomendadas en méxico, 2012-2018 / Profile of consumption and cost of usual and recommended drinks in mexico, 2012-2018

El objetivo de este estudio fue medir y comparar el comportamiento inflacionario del costo de las Bebidas Habituales y del costo de la Jarra de Bebidas Recomendada para la población mexicana. Basados en información sobre el consumo de bebidas en adultos (Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición) y de los precios promedio mensuales (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía) para cada bebida durante enero 2012 - Junio 2017, se calcularon los costos del consumo y la inflación de bebidas habitual y recomendado. El costo de las Bebidas Recomendadas es consistentemente mayor que el de las Bebidas Habituales. Las tasas de inflación son similares excepto en 2014 cuando se introdujo el impuesto a las bebidas azucaradas. Se encuentra que los precios y la inflación de las bebidas con azucares añadidos y de las bebidas habituales responden menos que proporcionalmente. Una inflación del costo de las bebidas recomendadas más alta que las habituales puede incrementar la demanda por bebidas habituales. El comportamiento de la inflación revela que el impuesto a bebidas azucaradas puede ser efectivo pero transitorio(AU)

The aim of this study was to measure and compare the inflationary behavior of the Usual Drinks Intake cost and the Recommended Drinks Intake Jar cost for the Mexican population. Based on information about the consumption of drinks in adults (National Health and Nutrition Survey) and of the average monthly prices (National Institute for Statistic and Geography) for each specific drink during January 2012-June 2017, we calculate consumption costs and inflation of usual and recommended drink intakes. The cost of the recommended drinks is consistently higher than the usual drinks cost. Inflation rates are similar in both drink intakes except in 2014, when the tax to sugary drinks was implemented. Prices and inflation of sugary drinks and usual drinks respond less than proportionally. A higher inflation of recommended drink costs compared to the usual drinks inflation could increase the demand for usual drinks. The behavior of inflation reveals that the tax to sugary drinks can be effective, but transitory(AU)

​Comparison Of Effects Of Laryngeal Mask Airway Supreme Cuff Inflation With Air, Air: Oxygen Mixture, And Oxygen: Nitrous Oxide Mixture In Adults: A Randomized Double-Blind Study

Introduction: Laryngeal mask airway (LMA) cuff pressure has been implicated as a prime reason for post-operative sore throat.LMA cuff pressure increases when the air is used for the cuff inflation during oxygen: Nitrous oxide (O2: N2O) anesthesia, whichresults in post-operative pharyngolaryngeal adverse events. We conducted this study to compare the effect of LMA supremecuff inflation with air, air: Oxygen, and oxygen: Nitrous oxide mixture in adults.Aim: The aim of the study was to compare the changes in cuff pressure intraoperatively with different gas composition (air,air: Oxygen mixture, and oxygen: Nitrous oxide mixture) used to inflate the LMA supreme by a manometer and post-operativepharyngolaryngeal morbidity.Design: It was a potential randomized double-blind study which was conducted on 120 patients admitted for elective surgeryunder general anesthesia.Materials and Methods: A total of 120 patients were randomly allocated into three groups of 40 each according to thecomposition of gases used to inflate the supreme LMA cuff to achieve 40 cm H2O cuff pressure, air was used as cuff inflationmedium in Group A, air: Oxygen mixture in Group AO, and oxygen: Nitrous oxide mixture in Group ON.Statistical Analysis: The cuff pressure, ventilatory parameters, and post-operative pharyngolaryngeal complications werenoted. The analysis was done by Student’s t-test and Chi-square test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: In Group A and Group OA cuff pressure significantly increased from initial cuff pressure of 40 cm H2O until the end ofthe surgery to 74.35 ± 7.41 cm H2O and 56.35 ± 3.63 cm H2O, respectively. An initial decrease in cuff pressure was observedat 15 min to a mean of 32.85 ± 1.42 cm H2O in Group ON which again gradually increased to near initial pressures to a meanof 40.10 ± 2.31 cm H2O toward the end of surgery. Cuff volume increased in Group A and Group AO; however, it decreased inGroup ON (23.18 ± 4.45 ml, 18.73 ± 2.61 ml, and 11.50 ± 1.93 ml, respectively) from initial values. Ventilatory and hemodynamicparameters were comparable in all the three groups. A significant difference in pharyngolaryngeal morbidity was observedbetween Group A and Group ON.Conclusion: Cuff inflation with 50% O 2: N2O mixture provided more stable cuff pressure in comparison to air and O2: Air mixtureduring O2: N2O anesthesia. Ventilatory parameters and hemodynamic parameters did not change with variation in SLMA cuffpressure. Post-operative pharyngolaryngeal morbidity had a strong correlation with cuff pressure and was more in Group Aand least in Group ON.

Effects of Neck Restrain on Traumatic Brain Injury of Child Occupant During Airbag Inflation / 医用生物力学

Objective To study the effect of neck restrain on traumatic brain injury during airbag inflation in traffic accidents. Methods Based on the previously validated 3-year-old child head finite element (FE) model, the impact on out-of-position (OOP) child occupant during airbag inflation was simulated by FE method, so as to investigate the effects of neck restraint on intracranial response and injury mechanism in traffic accidents. Results The head kinematics with neck restrain was different from that without neck restrain under the impact of airbag inflation. The neck restraint would obviously decrease the maximum Von Mises stress of pediatric brain. When airbag-head distance was 20 cm or 25 cm, the neck restraint would obviously decrease the maximum intracranial pressure. Conclusions Neck restraint had a relatively large influence on pediatric intracranial response. When the FE method is used to predict pediatric craniocerebral injury, consideration of neck restrain on child brain response is necessary.

Comparison of three lung recruitment maneuvers in the treatment of severe extra-pulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome / 中国综合临床

Objective To investigate the efficacy and side effects of three recruitment maneuvers (RM) for severe extra-pulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome ( ARDS). Methods A total of sixty-three extra-pulmonary ARDS patients were enrolled and randomly divided into three groups, which were treated with sustained inflation (SI),increment of positive end-expiratory pressure (IP) and pressure control ventilation (PCV) respectively. The oxygenation index ( PaO2/FiO2) before and after lung recruitment was recorded in patients with complete lung recruitment,and the cause of discontinuation of lung recruitment was recorded in patients with incomplete lung recruitment. Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was recorded in patients who completed lung recruitment with the latter two methods when they reached the maximum degree of lung recruitment. The mortality rate of 14 d in 3 groups was recorded, and the clinical characteristics and prognosis differences were compared before and after each group. Results With PaO2/FiO2as the standard, all the three methods of pulmonary reexpansion could make the lungs obviously reexpanse. The PaO2/FiO2of each group before, 5 minutes after and 1 hour after reexpansion were respectively as below (SI group: 70. 4±14. 8 mmHg,306. 8±97. 5 mmHg,229. 6±116. 2 mmHg; IP group:74. 9±13. 6 mmHg,328. 0 ± 95. 5 mmHg,252. 8 ± 111. 0 mmHg; PCV group: 67. 8 ± 14. 9 mmHg, 304. 2 ±82. 2 mmHg,223. 7±83. 6 mmHg. P＜0. 01). There were no significant differences among the three methods in the effect of RM (P＞0. 05). PEEP of IP group is higher than that of PCV group at the time of maximum RM (20. 3±2. 5 cmH2O vs. 18. 5±1. 8 cmH2O,P＜0. 05). There were significant differences in the incidence of adverse reactions caused by the three methods (54. 5%(12/22) in SI group,35. 0%(7/20) in IP group and 9. 6%(2/21) in PCV group. The 14 d mortality of each group was 63. 6%(14/22) in SI group,70. 0%(14/20) in IP group and 61. 9%(13/21) in PCV group,with no significant difference (P＞0. 05) . Conclusion The effects of three methods of lung recruitment on severe pulmonary exogenous ARDS patients were similar, but there was no significant difference in prognosis. Adverse reactions of SI method leads to the greatest probability of discontinuation of lung recruitment,and that of the PCV method is the smallest. Under the same effect of lung recruitment, IP method needs higher PEEP than PCV method. In practice,PCV method should be preferred.

Comparative study of fluorescence and inflation-deflation methods in defining the intersegmental plane in thoracoscopic anatomical lung segmentectomy / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective    To analyze the feasibility, advantages and disadvantages of the fluorescence method and the inflation-deflation method in defining the intersegmental plane during thoracoscopic lung segmental resection. Methods    From February to October 2018, 60 patients underwent thoracoscopic anatomical segmentectomy in Thoracic Surgery Department of Nanjing Chest Hospital, with 28 males and 32 females, aged from 25 to 82 years. Three-dimension computed tomography bronchography and angiography was used to reconstruct pulmonary vessels, bronchus and virtual intersegmental plane. Among them, 20 patients used the fluorescence method to define the intersegmental plane, and the other 40 patients used the traditional inflation-deflation method to define the intersegmental plane. Results    Fluorescent injection of indocyanine green (ICG) showed a clear intersegmental line with a duration sufficient to complete the label. With the fluorescence method, the intersegmental plane occurrence time was significantly shortened (10.75±3.78 s vs. 988.00±314.24 s, P<0.001) and had satisfactory repeatability. The lungs did not need to be inflated, which was convenient for the operation. And the operation time was shortened (108.75±31.28 min vs 138.00±32.47 min, P=0.002). No obvious ICG injection-related concurrency symptoms was found. Conclusion    Compared with the traditional inflation-deflation method, the fluorescence method can display the intersegmental line quickly, accurately and clearly, reduce the difficulty of surgery, shorten the operation time, and provide reliable technical support for thoracoscopic anatomical segmentectomy. The fluorescence is a safe and effective method that is worthy of clinical application.

Application of Intermittent Lung Inflation Combined with Rigid Ureteroscopy in Treating Upper Ureteral Stones That Were Not Fully Visible / 中国医学科学院学报

To analyze the effectiveness and safety of intermittent lung inflation combined with rigid ureteroscopy in the treatment of upper ureteral stones that were not fully visible. The clinical and imaging data of 56 patients with upper ureteral stone undergoing rigid ureteroscopic lithotripsy combined with intermittent lung inflation in Zhejiang Quhua Hospital from March 2016 to October 2017 were retrospectively analyzed.Intermittentt lung inflation was used to change and stabilize the position of ureteral calculi during the operation,so as to ensure the visual field of ureteroscopy.Holmium laser lithotripsy was performed to remove the stones.Urinary tract abdominal plain X-ray or CT urography was performed 1 and 3 months after the operation to evaluate the residual stones and the clinical efficacy. Stones were successfully removed after a single attempt in 48 patients.In 5 patients,stones escaped into the kidney during ureteroscopic lithotripsy,and thus flexible ureteroscopy were performed.In 3 patients,a second session of auxiliary procedure was required,among whom 2 patients received extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and 1 patient underwent extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy+ureteroscopic lithotripsy.The stone-free rates 1 and 3 months after surgery were 94.6%(53/56)and 100%(56/56),respectively.No severe complication such as ureter perforation,gross hematuria,septic shock,or pneumothorax occurred during and after surgery. Intermittent lung inflation in tracheal intubation under general anesthesia in patients with proximal ureteral stones that can not be fully visible during rigid ureteroscopic lithotripsy was feasible and reliable.It can effectively change the location of stones and thus enable safe and effective lithotripy.It expands the indications of rigid ureteroscopy for treating upper ureteral stones.

Análisis de los efectos de la dolarización espontánea y oficial en hispanoamérica: la perspectiva keynesiana y liberal del sistema monetario / Analysis of the effects of spontaneous dollarization and officer in latin america: the keynesian perspective and liberal of the monetary system / Análise dos efeitos de dolarização espontânea e oficial na américa latina: a perspectiva keynesiana e liberal do sistema monetário

Resumen Introducción: en este artículo se analiza el proceso de dolarización en Hispanoamérica desde distintas perspectivas económicas. La dolarización hace referencia a la adopción de una moneda extranjera como moneda de curso legal y está vinculada a la pérdida de valor de las monedas nacionales. Se establecerá el concepto y los distintos tipos de dolarización prestando especial atención a los casos de dolarización oficial como el de Ecuador y El Salvador y al sistema bancario de Panamá que se caracteriza por su integración financiera y la ausencia de banco central. Objetivo: analizar los efectos sobre las tasas de interés, la inflación, la balanza comercial y otras variables macroeconómicas en diferentes países de la región. Materiales y Métodos: se utilizan por tanto fuentes primarias y se interpretan los datos económicos en base a las teorías expuestas. Resultados: En el caso de Ecuador, la dolarización contribuyó a superar la crisis financiera de 1999 proporcionando el periodo de mayor estabilidad monetaria de su historia. Conclusiones: los economistas keynesianos o que proponen la intervención de los bancos centrales en el diseño de la política monetaria plantean otro análisis del proceso.

Abstract Introduction: this article analyzes the process of dollarization in Hispanic America from different economic perspectives. Dollarization refers to the adoption of a foreign currency as legal tender and is linked to the loss of value of national currencies. The concept and the different types of dollarization will be established, paying special attention to the cases of official dollarization such as that of Ecuador and El Salvador and to the banking system of Panama that is characterized by its financial integration and the absence of a central bank. Objective: to analyze the effects on interest rates, inflation, trade balance and other macroeconomic variables in different countries of the region. Materials and Methods: primary sources are therefore used and economic data are interpreted based on the theories presented. Results: In the case of Ecuador, dollarization contributed to overcoming the 1999 financial crisis by providing the period of greatest monetary stability in its history. Conclusions: Keynesian economists or those who propose the intervention of central banks in the design of monetary policy pose another analysis of the process.

Resumo Introdução: este artigo analisa o processo de dolarização na América hispânica a partir de diferentes perspectivas econômicas. A dolarização se refere à adoção de uma moeda estrangeira como moeda legal e está vinculada à perda de valor das moedas nacionais. o conceito é estabelecida e os diferentes tipos de dolarização com especial atenção para os casos de dolarização oficial do Equador como em El Salvador e Panamá sistema bancário caracterizada pela integração financeira ea ausência de banco central. Objetivo: analisar os efeitos sobre as taxas de juros, inflação, balança comercial e outras variáveis macroeconômicas em diferentes países da região. Materiais e Métodos: as fontes primárias são utilizadas e os dados econômicos são interpretados com base nas teorias apresentadas. Resultados: No caso do Equador, a dolarização contribuiu para superar a crise financeira de 1999, proporcionando o período de maior estabilidade monetária em sua história. Conclusão: Economistas keynesianos ou aqueles que propõem a intervenção dos bancos centrais no desenho da política monetária colocam outra análise do processo.